iindaba

Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho.Ngokuqhubeka nokukhangela le ndawo, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu iikuki.Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe.
Xa kuxelwa ingozi yendlela kwaye enye yezithuthi ishiya indawo yexhwayelo, iilebhu zophando-nzulu zihlala zinoxanduva lokubuyisela ubungqina.
Ubungqina obushiyekileyo bubandakanya iglasi eyaphukileyo, izibane zentloko ezaphukileyo, izibane zasemva, okanye iibhampa, kunye namanqaku okutyibilika kunye nentsalela yepeyinti.Xa isithuthi sidibana nento okanye umntu, ipeyinti inokuthi idluliselwe ngendlela yamabala okanye iitshiphusi.
Ipeyinti yeemoto idla ngokuba ngumxube onzima wezithako ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa kwiileya ezininzi.Ngelixa oku kuntsonkotha kukwenza nzima uhlalutyo, ikwabonelela ngobutyebi bolwazi olunokuba lubalulekile ekuchongeni isithuthi.
I-Raman microscopy kunye ne-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) zezinye zeendlela eziphambili ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukusombulula iingxaki ezinjalo kunye nokuququzelela uhlalutyo olungonakaliyo lweeleya ezithile kwisakhiwo sokugquma.
Uhlalutyo lwe-Paint chip luqala ngedatha ye-spectral enokuthi ifaniswe ngokuthe ngqo neesampuli zokulawula okanye isetyenziswe ngokubambisana nedathabheyisi ukumisela ukwenza, imodeli kunye nonyaka wesithuthi.
IRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) igcina isiseko sedatha enye, iPaint Data Query (PDQ) database.Iilabhoratri zenkundla ezithatha inxaxheba zinokufikelelwa nangaliphi na ixesha ukunceda ukugcina nokwandisa uvimba weenkcukacha.
Eli nqaku ligxininise kwisinyathelo sokuqala kwinkqubo yokuhlalutya: ukuqokelela idatha ye-spectral evela kwiitshiphu zepeyinti usebenzisa i-FTIR kunye ne-Raman microscopy.
Idatha ye-FTIR yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa imakroskopu ye-Thermo Scientific™ Nicolet™ RaptIR™ FTIR;Idatha epheleleyo yeRaman yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa imakroskopu yeThermo Scientific™ DXR3xi Raman.Iitshiphusi zepeyinti zithathwe kwiindawo ezonakeleyo zemoto: enye ikhutshwe kwipaneli yomnyango, enye isuka kwi-bumper.
Indlela esemgangathweni yokuqhotyoshela imizekelo ye-cross-sectional iphosa nge-epoxy, kodwa ukuba i-resin ingena kwi-specimen, iziphumo zohlalutyo zinokuchaphazeleka.Ukuthintela oku, iipeyinti zepeyinti zibekwe phakathi kwamaphepha amabini e-poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) kwinqanaba lomnqamlezo.
Ngaphambi kokuhlalutya, icandelo lomnqamlezo wepeyinti yepeyinti yahlulwe ngesandla kwi-PTFE kwaye i-chip yafakwa kwifestile ye-barium fluoride (BaF2).Imephu ye-FTIR yenziwa ngendlela yothumelo kusetyenziswa i-10 x 10 µm2 yokuvula, injongo ye-15x ephuculweyo kunye necondenser, kunye ne-5 µm pitch.
Iisampuli ezifanayo zisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-Raman ukwenzela ukuhambelana, nangona icandelo elinqamlekileyo lefestile ye-BaF2 ayifuni.Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-BaF2 ine-peak ye-Raman kwi-242 cm-1, enokuthi ibonakale njengento ebuthathaka kwi-spectra ethile.Umqondiso akufanele udibaniswe neeflekhi zepeyinti.
Fumana imifanekiso yeRaman usebenzisa umfanekiso wepixel ubukhulu be-2 µm kunye ne-3 µm.Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectral lwenziwa kwiincopho zecandelo eliphambili kunye nenkqubo yokuchonga yancediswa kukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezifana nokukhangela kwamacandelo amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa namathala eencwadi akhoyo ngokurhweba.
Irayisi.1. Umzobo wesampulu yepeyinti yemoto enemigangatho emine (ngasekhohlo).Imosaic yevidiyo enqamlezileyo yeetshiphusi zepeyinti ezithathwe kumnyango wemoto (ekunene).Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
Nangona inani leengqimba zepeyinti zepeyinti kwisampulu zinokwahluka, iisampulu zibandakanya malunga neeleya ezine (Umfanekiso 1).Umaleko osetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-metal substrate ngumaleko we-electrophoretic primer (malunga ne-17-25 µm ubukhulu) osebenza ukukhusela isinyithi kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye usebenza njengendawo yokuxhoma kwiileya ezilandelayo zepeyinti.
Uluhlu olulandelayo luyi-primer eyongezelelweyo, i-putty (malunga ne-30-35 microns ubukhulu) ukubonelela ubuso obugudileyo kuluhlu olulandelayo lwemibala yepeyinti.Emva koko kuza isiseko sedyasi okanye isiseko sedyasi (malunga ne-10-20 µm ubukhulu) equka isiseko sombala wepeyinti.Umaleko wokugqibela ngumaleko okhuselayo ocacileyo (malunga ne-30-50 ye-microns ubukhulu) ekwabonelela ngokugqitywa okukhazimlayo.
Enye yeengxaki eziphambili ngohlalutyo lwepeyinti yepeyinti kukuba ayizizo zonke iileya zepeyinti kwisithuthi sokuqala ngokuyimfuneko njengeetshiphu zepeyinti kunye neziphako.Ukongeza, iisampulu ezivela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo zinokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqamba.Umzekelo, iitshiphusi zepeyinti kwibhampa zinokuquka izinto ezininzi kunye nepeyinti.
Umfanekiso onqamlezayo obonakalayo we-chip yepeyinti uboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Iingqimba ezine zibonakala kumfanekiso obonakalayo, ohambelana nemigangatho emine echongiweyo ngohlalutyo lwe-infrared.
Emva kwemephu yecandelo elinqamlezayo lonke, iileya zomntu ziye zachongwa kusetyenziswa imifanekiso ye-FTIR yeendawo ezahlukeneyo eziphakamileyo.Umboniso omeleyo kunye nemifanekiso ye-FTIR ehambelanayo yemigangatho emine iboniswe kwiMifanekiso.2. Uluhlu lokuqala luhambelana nengubo ye-acrylic ebonakalayo equkethe i-polyurethane, i-melamine (incopho kwi-815 cm-1) kunye ne-styrene.
Uluhlu lwesibini, isiseko (umbala) kunye noluhlu olucacileyo lufana neekhemikhali kwaye luqukethe i-acrylic, i-melamine kunye ne-styrene.
Nangona ziyafana kwaye azikho iincopho zepigment ezichongiweyo, imbonakalo yembonakalo isabonisa iyantlukwano, ngakumbi malunga nobukhulu bencopho.Umaleko 1 spectrum ibonisa iincopho ezomeleleyo 1700 cm-1 (polyurethane), 1490 cm-1, 1095 cm-1 (CO) kunye 762 cm-1.
I-Peak intensity kwi-spectrum yokwanda kwe-2 ye-2959 cm-1 (methyl), 1303 cm-1, 1241 cm-1 (ether), 1077 cm-1 (ether) kunye ne-731 cm-1.I-spectrum yomgangatho ophezulu ihambelana nethala leencwadi le-alkyd resin esekelwe kwi-isophthalic acid.
Idyasi yokugqibela ye-e-coat primer yi-epoxy kwaye mhlawumbi i-polyurethane.Ekugqibeleni, iziphumo zazihambelana nezo ziqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwiipende zemoto.
Uhlalutyo lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kumaleko ngamnye lwenziwa kusetyenziswa amathala eencwadi e-FTIR akhoyo ngokurhweba, hayi ugcino-lwazi lwepeyinti yeemoto, ngoko ngeli xesha iimatshisi zimele, zisenokungachanekanga.
Ukusebenzisa i-database eyenzelwe olu hlobo lokuhlalutya kuya kwandisa ukubonakala nokuba kwenziwe, imodeli kunye nonyaka wesithuthi.
Umzobo 2. I-FTIR emele imbonakalo yemigangatho emine echongiweyo kwicandelo elinqamlezayo lepeyinti yocango lwemoto etshiyiweyo.Imifanekiso ye-infrared iveliswa kwincochoyi yemimandla enxulunyaniswa neeleya zomntu ngamnye kwaye zibekwe ngaphezulu kumfanekiso wevidiyo.Iindawo ezibomvu zibonisa indawo yoluhlu ngalunye.Usebenzisa i-aperture ye-10 x 10 µm2 kunye nobukhulu benyathelo le-5 µm, umfanekiso we-infrared ugubungela indawo ye-370 x 140 µm2.Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
Kwikhiwane.I-3 ibonisa umfanekiso wevidiyo wecandelo lomnqamlezo weetshiphusi zepeyinti ze-bumper, ubuncinci iileya ezintathu zibonakala ngokucacileyo.
Imifanekiso ye-infrared cross-sectional iqinisekisa ubukho bemigangatho emithathu eyahlukileyo (umzobo 4).Umaleko wangaphandle yidyasi ecacileyo, eyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba i-polyurethane kunye ne-acrylic, eyayingaguquguqukiyo xa ithelekiswa nembonakalo yebhatyi ecacileyo kumathala eencwadi orhwebo.
Nangona i-spectrum yesiseko (umbala) i-coating ifana kakhulu naleyo yengubo ecacileyo, isahluke ngokwaneleyo ukuba ihluke kuluhlu lwangaphandle.Kukho iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kubukhulu obunxulumene neencopho.
Uluhlu lwesithathu lunokuba yi-bumper material ngokwayo, equkethe i-polypropylene kunye ne-talc.I-Talc ingasetyenziswa njengesizalisi esomelezayo sepolypropylene ukunyusa iipropathi zesakhiwo semathiriyeli.
Zombini iidyasi zangaphandle zazihambelana nezo zisetyenziswa kwipeyinti yemoto, kodwa akukho ncopho yepigment ethile ichongiwe kwidyasi yeprimer.
Irayisi.3. Imosaic yevidiyo yecandelo lomnqamlezo weetshiphu zepeyinti ezithathwe kwibhampa yemoto.Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
Irayisi.4. Ummeli we-FTIR wembonakalo yemigangatho emithathu echongiweyo kwicandelo lomnqamlezo weetshiphu zepeyinti kwibhampa.Imifanekiso ye-infrared iveliswa kwincochoyi yemimandla enxulunyaniswa neeleya zomntu ngamnye kwaye zibekwe ngaphezulu kumfanekiso wevidiyo.Iindawo ezibomvu zibonisa indawo yoluhlu ngalunye.Usebenzisa i-aperture ye-10 x 10 µm2 kunye nobukhulu benyathelo le-5 µm, umfanekiso we-infrared ugubungela indawo ye-535 x 360 µm2.Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
I-Raman imaging microscopy isetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya uluhlu lwamacandelo anqamlezayo ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nesampuli.Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lweRaman luyinkimbinkimbi yi-fluorescence ekhutshwe yisampuli.Imithombo emininzi yelaser eyahlukeneyo (455 nm, 532 nm kunye ne-785 nm) yavavanywa ukuvavanya ukulingana phakathi kokuqina kwefluorescence kunye nokuqina komqondiso weRaman.
Uhlalutyo lweepeyinti zepeyinti kwiingcango, iziphumo ezilungileyo zifunyenwe nge-laser ene-wavelength ye-455 nm;nangona i-fluorescence isekhona, ukulungiswa kwesiseko kungasetyenziselwa ukulwa nayo.Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange iphumelele kumaleko e-epoxy ngenxa yokuba i-fluorescence yayinqongophele kakhulu kwaye izinto eziphathekayo zazinomonakalo we-laser.
Nangona ezinye iilaser zingcono kunezinye, akukho laser ilungele uhlalutyo lwe-epoxy.Uhlalutyo lwe-Raman olunqamlezayo lweetshiphu zepeyinti kwi-bumper usebenzisa i-laser ye-532 nm.Igalelo le-fluorescence lisekho, kodwa lisuswe ngolungiso olusisiseko.
Irayisi.5. Ummeli weRaman spectra wemigangatho emithathu yokuqala yesampuli yetshiphu yocango lwemoto (ekunene).Uluhlu lwesine (i-epoxy) lwalahleka ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesampuli.I-spectra yalungiswa isiseko ukuze kususwe umphumo we-fluorescence kwaye iqokelelwe ngokusebenzisa i-455 nm laser.Indawo eyi-116 x 100 µm2 yaboniswa kusetyenziswa ubungakanani bepixel ye-2 µm.I-mosaic yevidiyo enqamlezileyo (phezulu ekhohlo).Multidimensional Raman Curve Resolution (MCR) cross-sectional image (ezantsi ekhohlo).Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
Uhlalutyo lweRaman lwecandelo lomnqamlezo wepeyinti yomnyango wemoto luboniswe kuMfanekiso 5;le sampuli ayibonisi umaleko we-epoxy kuba ilahlekile ngexesha lokulungiselela.Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni uhlalutyo lweRaman lwe-epoxy layer lufunyenwe luyingxaki, oku akuzange kuthathwe njengengxaki.
Ubukho be-styrene bulawula kwi-spectrum ye-Raman yomaleko 1, ngelixa i-carbonyl peak ingaphantsi kakhulu kune-spectrum ye-IR.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-FTIR, uhlalutyo lwe-Raman lubonisa umahluko obalulekileyo kwi-spectra yomaleko wokuqala nowesibini.
Owona mdlalo ukufutshane weRaman kwibhatyi yesiseko yiperylene;nangona ingengomdlalo ngqo, izinto eziphuma kwiperylene zaziwa ukuba zisetyenziswa kwibala kwipeyinti yemoto, ngoko ke inokumela ibala lebala kumaleko wombala.
Umphezulu we-spectra wawuhambelana ne-isophthalic alkyd resins, nangona kunjalo baye bafumanisa ubukho be-titanium dioxide (TiO2, rutile) kwiisampuli, ngamanye amaxesha kwakunzima ukubhaqa nge-FTIR, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-spectral cutoff.
Irayisi.6. Ummeli weRaman wesampulu yeetshiphu zepeyinti kwibhampa (ekunene).I-spectra yalungiswa isiseko ukuze kususwe umphumo we-fluorescence kwaye iqokelelwe kusetyenziswa i-532 nm laser.Indawo eyi-195 x 420 µm2 yaboniswa kusetyenziswa ubungakanani bepixel ye-3 µm.I-mosaic yevidiyo enqamlezileyo (phezulu ekhohlo).Umfanekiso weRaman MCR wecandelo lomnqamlezo ongaphelelanga (ezantsi ekhohlo).Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: I-Thermo Fisher Scientific - Izixhobo kunye noHlahlelo lweZakhiwo
Kwikhiwane.U-6 ubonisa iziphumo zeRaman zokusasazwa kwecandelo lomnqamlezo weetshiphusi zepeyinti kwibhampa.Uluhlu olongezelelweyo (uluhlu lwe-3) lufunyenwe olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili yi-FTIR.
Ekufutshane nomgangatho wangaphandle i-copolymer ye-styrene, i-ethylene kunye ne-butadiene, kodwa kukho ubungqina bobukho becandelo elongezelelweyo elingaziwayo, njengoko kubonakaliswe yincinci engabonakaliyo ye-carbonyl peak.
I-spectrum yengubo yesiseko ingabonakalisa ukubunjwa kwe-pigment, ekubeni i-spectrum ihambelana nomlinganiselo othile kwi-phthalocyanine compound esetyenziswa njenge-pigment.
Umaleko owawungaziwa ngaphambili ubhitye kakhulu (5 µm) kwaye ngokuyinxenye wenziwe yikhabhoni kunye nerutile.Ngenxa yobunzima bolu maleko kunye nenyaniso yokuba i-TiO2 kunye nekhabhoni kunzima ukuyibona nge-FTIR, akumangalisi ukuba abazange babonwe ngohlalutyo lwe-IR.
Ngokweziphumo ze-FT-IR, umaleko wesine (i-bumper material) ichongwe njenge-polypropylene, kodwa uhlalutyo lwe-Raman lukwabonise ubukho bekhabhoni ethile.Nangona ubukho be-talc obuqatshelwe kwi-FITR bungenakukhutshwa, ukuchonga okuchanekileyo akunakukwenziwa kuba i-Raman ehambelana nayo incinci kakhulu.
Iipeyinti zeemoto ziyimixube enzima yezithako, kwaye ngelixa oku kunokubonelela ngolwazi oluninzi lokuchonga, kuphinda kwenze uhlalutyo lube ngumngeni omkhulu.Iimpawu zetshiphu zepeyinti zinokubonwa ngokusebenzayo ngokusebenzisa imakroskopu yeNicolet RaptIR FTIR.
I-FTIR bubuchule bokuhlalutya obungonakalisi obubonelela ngolwazi oluluncedo malunga neeleya ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu epeyinti yemoto.
Eli nqaku lixubusha uhlalutyo lwe-spectroscopic yeengqimba zepeyinti, kodwa uhlalutyo oluthe kratya lweziphumo, mhlawumbi ngokuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nezithuthi ezikrokrelwayo okanye ngokusebenzisa i-database ye-spectral ezinikeleyo, inokubonelela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo ngakumbi ukufanisa ubungqina kunye nomthombo wayo.